The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in the publication : On Roth’s “human fossil” from Baradero, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina: morphological and genetic analysis. The “human fossil” from Baradero, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, is a collection of skeleton parts first recovered by Swiss paleontologist Santiago Roth and further studied by anthropologist Rudolf Martin. By the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century it was considered as one of the oldest human skeletons from the southern cone. We studied the cranial anatomy and contextualized the ancient individual remains. We discuss the context of the finding, conducted an osteobiographical assessment and performed a 3D virtual reconstruction of the skull, using micro-CT-scans on selected skull fragments and the mandible. This was followed by the extraction of bone tissue and teeth samples for radiocarbon and genetic analyses, which brought only limited results due to poor preservation and possible contamination. We estimate that the individual from Baradero is a middle-aged adult male. We conclude that the revision of foundational collections with current methodological tools brings new insights and clarifies long held assumptions on the significance of samples that were recovered when archaeology was not yet professionalized. 
  

Homo sapiens PIMUZ A/V 4217 View specimen

M3#1198 3D virtual reconstruction of the skull Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1198   state:published

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Our knowledge of the external brain morphology of the late Eocene artiodactyl ungulate Mixtotherium, relies on a plaster model realized on a specimen from the Victor Brun Museum in Montauban (France) and described by Dechaseaux (1973). Here, based on micro CT-scan data, we virtually reconstruct the 3D cast of the empty cavity of the partial cranium MA PHQ 716 from the Victor Brun Museum and compare it to the plaster model illustrated and described by Dechaseaux (1973). Indeed, the specimen from which the original plaster endocast originates was not identified by Dechaseaux by a specimen number. We confirm here that the studied specimen was indeed the one described and illustrated by Dechaseaux (1973). We also reconstruct a second, more detailed, model providing additional morphological and quantitative observations made available by micro CT scan investigation such as precisions on the neopallium folding and endocranial volumes.
  

Mixtotherium cuspidatum MA PHQ 716 View specimen

M3#857 endocast of the brain cavity Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.857   state:published

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This contribution provides the raw files for the μCT-scan data and renderings of the three-dimensional digital models of two fossil teeth of a geomyin geomorph rodent (Caribeomys merzeraudi), discovered from lower Oligocene deposits of Puerto Rico, San Sebastian Formation (locality LACM Loc. 8060). These fossils were described, figured and discussed in the following publication: Marivaux et al. (2021), An unpredicted ancient colonization of the West Indies by North American rodents: dental evidence of a geomorph from the early Oligocene of Puerto Rico. Papers in Palaeontology. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1388 

Caribeomys merzeraudi LACM 162478 View specimen

	M3#712 Right lower dp4: isolated deciduous premolar. The specimen was scanned with a resolution of 5 µm using a μ-CT-scanning station EasyTom 150 / Rx Solutions (Montpellier RIO Imaging, ISE-M, Montpellier, France). AVIZO 7.1 (Visualization Sciences Group) software was used for visualization, segmentation, and 3D rendering. This isolated tooth was prepared within a “labelfield” module of AVIZO, using the segmentation threshold selection tool. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.712   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#714 5µm µCT data set . Right lower dp4: isolated deciduous premolar. The specimen was scanned with a resolution of 5 µm using a μ-CT-scanning station EasyTom 150 / Rx Solutions (Montpellier RIO Imaging, ISE-M, Montpellier, France). Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.714   state:published	Download CT data

Caribeomys merzeraudi LACM 162449 View specimen

	M3#713 Right lower molar (m1 or m2). The specimen was scanned with a resolution of 4.5 µm using a μ-CT-scanning station EasyTom 150 / Rx Solutions (Montpellier RIO Imaging, ISE-M, Montpellier, France). AVIZO 7.1 (Visualization Sciences Group) software was used for visualization, segmentation, and 3D rendering. This isolated tooth was prepared within a “labelfield” module of AVIZO, using the segmentation threshold selection tool. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.713   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#715 µCT data at 4.5µm Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.715   state:published	Download CT data

This contribution contains 3D models of extinct rodents Dinomyidae from Miocene and Quaternary of Brazil. The Miocene specimens that were digitalized include the holotypes of Potamarchus adamiae, Pseudopotamarchus villanuevai, and Ferigolomys pacarana collected in the Solimões Formation (Upper Miocene), northern Brazil. The Quaternary specimens are the holotype and paratype of Niedemys piauiensis, found in Upper Pleistocene deposits from northeast Brazil. 

Potamarchus adamiae UFAC-CS 011 View specimen

M3#410 UFAC-CS 011 – holotype, palatal region of the skull with cheek teeth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.410   state:published

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Potamarchus adamiae UFAC-CS 043 View specimen

M3#411 UFAC-CS 043, left dentary with cheek teeth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.411   state:published

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Pseudopotamarchus villanuevai UFAC 4762 View specimen

M3#412 UFAC 4762 – holotype, incomplete right maxilla with cheek teeth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.412   state:published

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Ferigolomys pacarana UFAC 6460 View specimen

M3#413 UFAC 6460 – holotype, palatal region of the skull with cheek teeth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.413   state:published

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Drytomomys sp. UFAC 2742 View specimen

M3#414 UFAC 2742, right dentary with cheek teeth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.414   state:published

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Niedemys piauiensis FUMDHAM 113-146365-2 View specimen

M3#418 FUMDHAM 113-146365-2 - holotype, upper right tooth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.418   state:published

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Niedemys piauiensis FUMDHAM 113-145304-2 View specimen

M3#419 FUMDHAM 113-145304-2 - paratype, left lower molar Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.419   state:published

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In this contribution, we describe the external and internal morphology of a delphinid petrosal bone collected from Ahu Tahai, a burial site located on the Southwestern coast of Easter Island, at Hangaroa. We discuss the taxonomic attribution of this archaeological item and describe its internal structures based on µCT data, including the bony labyrinth and the nerve and vein patterns. Identification of the nerves exists lead us to relocate the identification of the foramen singulare in delphinid petrosals.

  

indet. indet. AT1 View specimen

	M3#420 Stapes Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.420   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#421 petrosal bone Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.421   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#422 in situ bony labyrinth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.422   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#423 bony labyrinth and associated nerves and blood vessels Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.423   state:published	Download 3D surface file

This contribution contains the 3D model of the fossil talus of a small-bodied anthropoid primate (Platyrrhini, Cebidae, Cebinae) discovered from lower Miocene deposits of Peruvian Amazonia (MD-61 locality, Upper Madre de Dios Basin). This fossil was described and figured in the following publication: Marivaux et al. (2012), A platyrrhine talus from the early Miocene of Peru (Amazonian Madre de Dios Sub-Andean Zone). Journal of Human Evolution.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.07.005  

Cebinae indet. sp. MUSM-2024 View specimen

M3#380 Right talus 3D surface of a Miocene Cebinae indet. primate Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.380   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in the following publication: Mourlam, M., Orliac, M. J. (2017), Protocetid (Cetacea, Artiodactyla) bullae and petrosals from the Middle Eocene locality of Kpogamé, Togo: new insights into the early history of cetacean hearing. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1328378
  

?Carolinacetus indet. UM KPG-M 164 View specimen

M3#132 left petrosal of ?Carolinacetus sp. from the locality of Kpogamé, Togo Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.132   state:published

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indet. indet. UM KPG-M 73 View specimen

	M3#133 labelled surface of the left petrosal Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.133   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#134 left bullaof Protocetidae indeterminate from Kpogamé, Togo Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.134   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#135 petrotympanic complex of Protocetidae indeterminate from Kpogamé, Togo Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.135   state:published	Download 3D surface file

?Carolinacetus indet. UM KPG-M 33 View specimen

M3#136 left auditory bulla of a juvenile specimen of ?Carolinacetus sp. from Kpogamé, Togo Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.136   state:published

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Togocetus traversei UM KPG-M 80 View specimen

M3#137 fragmentary right auditory bulla of Togocetus traversei from Kpogamé, Togo Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.137   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in Merten, L.J.F, Manafzadeh, A.R., Herbst, E.C., Amson, E., Tambusso, P.S., Arnold, P., Nyakatura, J.A., 2023. The functional significance of aberrant cervical counts in sloths: insights from automated exhaustive analysis of cervical range of motion. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1592
  

Ailurus fulgens PMJ_Mam_6639 View specimen

M3#1260 cervical vertebral series (7 vertebrae) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1260   state:published

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Bradypus variegatus ZMB_Mam_91345 View specimen

M3#1261 cervical vertebral series (8 vertebrae) + first thoracic vertebra Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1261   state:published

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Bradypus variegatus ZMB_Mam_35824 View specimen

M3#1262 cervical vertebral series (8 vertebrae) + first & second thoracic vertebra Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1262   state:published

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Choloepus didactylus ZMB_Mam_38388 View specimen

M3#1263 cervical vertebral series (7 vertebrae) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1263   state:published

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Choloepus didactylus ZMB_Mam_102634 View specimen

M3#1264 cervical vertebral series (6 vertebrae) + first thoracic vertebra Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1264   state:published

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Tamandua tetradactyla ZMB_Mam_91288 View specimen

M3#1266 cervical vertebral series (7 vertebrae) + first thoracic vertebra Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1266   state:published

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Glossotherium robustum MNHN_n/n View specimen

M3#1267 cervical vertebral series (7 vertebrae) + first thoracic vertebra Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1267   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D model(s) described and figured in the following publication: The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models and CT-Scan slices of the lower jaws and teeth analyzed in “A new prozostrodontian cynodont (Eucynodontia, Probainognathia) from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil”. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1782415 

Agudotherium gassenae CAPPA/UFSM 0262 View specimen

	M3#546 Left lower jaw and cheek teeth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.546   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#547 1578 slices Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.547   state:published	Download CT data

Agudotherium gassenae CAPPA/UFSM 0208 View specimen

	M3#548 right lower jaw Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.548   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#549 CT data of CAPPA_UFSM_0208 Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.549   state:published	Download CT data

The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in 3D Finite Element Analysis and Geometric Morphometrics of Sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) Mandibles Show Insights on the Dietary Specializations of Fossil Taxa. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104445 

Mylodon darwinii CAV 379 View specimen

M3#1159 Right hemimandible Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1159   state:published

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Scelidotherium leptocephalum MNHN-M 137,722 View specimen

M3#1160 Mandible Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1160   state:published

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Glossotherium robustum MNHN-M 914 View specimen

M3#1161 Mandible Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1161   state:published

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Lestodon armatus MPAC 899 View specimen

M3#1162 Mandible Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1162   state:published

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Valgipes bucklandi NHMD.Z.M.K. 1/1845:3540 View specimen

M3#1163 Mandible Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1163   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in the following publication: Carolina A. Hoffmann, A. G. Martinelli & M. B. Andrade. 2023. Anatomy of the holotype of “Probelesodon” kitchingi revisited, a chiniquodontid cynodont (Synapsida, Probainognathia) from the early Late Triassic of southern Brazil, Journal of Paleontology 

Probelesodon kitchingi MCP 1600 PV View specimen

M3#1151 3D models of the skull with segmented bones and without the segmentation. colormap and orientation files also added. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1151   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of the brain endocast analyzed in “Virtual brain endocast of Antifer (Mammalia: Cervidae), an extinct large cervid from South America”. 

Antifer ensenadensis U-4922 View specimen

M3#550 Brain endocast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.550   state:published

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Antifer ensenadensis MCN-PV 943 View specimen

M3#551 Brain endocast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.551   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models described and figured in the following publication: Grohé C., Bonis L. de, Chaimanee Y., Chavasseau O., Rugbumrung M., Yamee C., Suraprasit K., Gibert C., Surault J., Blondel C., Jaeger J.-J. 2020. The late middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin of northern Thailand: the richest Neogene assemblage of Carnivora from Southeast Asia and a paleobiogeographic analysis of Miocene Asian carnivorans. American Museum Novitates. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/7223 

Siamogale bounosa MM-54 View specimen

M3#505 3D model of the skull of Siamogale bounosa The zip file contains: - the 3D surface in PLY - the orientation files in .pos and .ori - the project in .ntw Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.505   state:published

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Vishnuonyx maemohensis MM-78 View specimen

	M3#506 3D model of the skull of Vishnuonyx maemohensis The zip file contains: - the 3D surface in PLY - the orientation files in .pos and .ori - the project in .ntw Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.506   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#507 3D model of the reconstructed upper teeth of Vishnuonyx maemohensis The zip file contains: - the 3D surface in PLY - the orientation files in .pos and .ori - the project in .ntw Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.507   state:published	Download 3D surface file

This contribution contains the 3D models of the isolated teeth attributed to stem representatives of the Cebuella and Cebus lineages (Cebuella sp. and Cebus sp.), described and figured in the following publication: Marivaux et al. (2016), Dental remains of cebid platyrrhines from the earliest late Miocene of Western Amazonia, Peru: macroevolutionary implications on the extant capuchin and marmoset lineages. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23052 

Cebus sp. MUSM-3243 View specimen

M3#282 3D model of left lower m1 (lingual part) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.282   state:published

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Cebuella sp. MUSM-3239 View specimen

M3#283 3D model of left lower p4 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.283   state:published

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Cebuella sp. MUSM-3240 View specimen

M3#294 3D model of right upper P3 or P4 (buccal part) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.294   state:published

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Cebuella sp. MUSM-3241 View specimen

M3#295 3D model of right upper P2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.295   state:published

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Cebuella sp. MUSM-3242 View specimen

M3#296 3D model of upper I2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.296   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in Hendrickx, C. and Bell, P. R. 2021. The scaly skin of the abelisaurid Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. Cretaceous Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104994 

Carnotaurus sastrei MACN 894 View specimen

M3#802 3D reconstruction of the biggest patch of skin (~1200 cm2) from the anterior tail region of the holotype of Carnotaurus, which is the largest single patch of squamous integument available for any saurischian. The skin consists of medium to large (up to 65 mm in diameter) conical feature scales surrounded by a network of low and small (< 14 mm) irregular basement scales separated by narrow interstitial tissue. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.802   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model of a specimen of Metamynodon planifrons (UNISTRA.2015.0.1106) described and figured in: Veine-Tonizzo, L., Tissier, J., Bukhsianidze, M., Vasilyan, D., Becker, D., 2023, Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Amynodontidae Scott & Osborn, 1883 (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea). 

Metamynodon planifrons UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 View specimen

M3#716 Textured 3D surface model of the skull of the specimen UNISTRA.2015.0.1106 with right C1 and both rows of P2-M3. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.716   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains 3D models of the cranium surface and of the bony labyrinth endocast of the stem bat Vielasia sigei. They are used by (Hand et al., 2023) to explore the phylogenetic position of this species, to infer its laryngeal echolocating capabilities, and to eventually discuss chiropteran evolution before the crown clade diversification. 

Vielasia sigei UM VIE-250 View specimen

	M3#1269 External surface of the cranium Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1269   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1270 Virtual endocast of the right bony labyrinth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1270   state:published	Download 3D surface file

The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in: Perrichon et al., 2023. Neuroanatomy and pneumaticity of Voay robustus and its implications for crocodylid phylogeny and palaeoecology. 

Crocodylus niloticus MHNL 50001387 View specimen

M3#1202 Skull, inner ear, pharyngotympanic sinus and neurovascular system Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1202   state:published

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Voay robustus MNHN F.1908-5 View specimen

M3#1203 Skull, inner ear, pharyngotympanic sinus and neurovascular system Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1203   state:published

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Voay robustus NHMUK PV R 36684 View specimen

M3#1204 Skull, inner ear, pharyngotympanic sinus and neurovascular system Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1204   state:published

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Voay robustus NHMUK PV R 36685 View specimen

M3#1205 Skull, inner ear, pharyngotympanic sinus and neurovascular system Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1205   state:published

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Osteolaemus tetraspis UCBLZ 2019-1-236 View specimen

M3#1208 Skull, inner ear, pharyngotympanic sinus and neurovascular system Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1208   state:published

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Mecistops sp. UM N89 View specimen

M3#1207 Skull, inner ear, pharyngotympanic sinus and neurovascular system Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1207   state:published

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Voay robustus NHMUK PV R 2204 View specimen

M3#1206 Skull, inner ear, pharyngotympanic sinus, intertympanic sinus and neurovascular system Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1206   state:published

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The present Dataset contains the micro-CT scan of the head of an anonymous 54 year old female donor, at a voxel resolution of 145µm. The skin of the face has been masked in order to avoid the donor to be recognized.
  

Homo sapiens UM_HS_2018_09_13 View specimen

M3#1152 Micro-ct data set Type: "3D_CT" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1152   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models illustrated and described in the chapter “Paleoneurology of Artiodactyla, an overview of the evolution of the artiodactyl brain” (Orliac et al. 2022) published in "Paleoneurology of amniotes: new directions in the study of fossil endocasts", edited by Dozo, Paulina-Carabajal, Macrini and Walsh.
  

Homacodon vagans AMNH 12695 View specimen

M3#1063 Endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1063   state:published

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Helohyus sp. AMNH 13079 View specimen

M3#1064 Endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1064   state:published

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Leptauchenia sp. AMNH 45508 View specimen

M3#1065 endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1065   state:published

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Agriochoerus sp. AMNH 95330 View specimen

M3#1067 endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1067   state:published

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Mouillacitherium elegans UM ACQ 6625 View specimen

M3#1068 endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1068   state:published

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Caenomeryx filholi UM PDS 2570 View specimen

M3#1069 endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1069   state:published

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Dichobune leporina MNHN.F.QU16586 View specimen

M3#1070 endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1070   state:published

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Anoplotherium sp. not numbered View specimen

M3#1071 endocranial cast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1071   state:published

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